DeepL inter-linear samples

DeepL Examples--sentence, paragraph, character count*

Sentence segmentation, fr-->IT

Wikipédia est un projet d’encyclopédie collective en ligne, universelle, multilingue et fonctionnant sur le principe du wiki.
Wikipedia è un'enciclopedia online collettiva, universale e multilingue basata sul principio wiki.

Ce projet vise à offrir un contenu librement réutilisable, objectif et vérifiable, que chacun peut modifier et améliorer.
Il suo obiettivo è fornire contenuti liberamente riutilizzabili, oggettivi e verificabili che chiunque può modificare e migliorare.

Wikipédia est définie par des principes fondateurs.
Wikipedia è definita dai suoi principi fondanti.

Son contenu est sous licence Creative Commons BY-SA.
I suoi contenuti sono rilasciati con licenza Creative Commons BY-SA.

Il peut être copié et réutilisé sous la même licence, sous réserve d'en respecter les conditions.
Può essere copiato e riutilizzato con la stessa licenza, purché siano rispettate le condizioni.

Wikipédia fournit tous ses contenus gratuitement, sans publicité, et sans recourir à l'exploitation des données personnelles de ses utilisateurs.
Wikipedia fornisce tutti i suoi contenuti gratuitamente, senza pubblicità e senza utilizzare i dati personali dei suoi utenti.

Les rédacteurs des articles de Wikipédia sont bénévoles.
I redattori degli articoli di Wikipedia sono volontari.

Ils coordonnent leurs efforts au sein d'une communauté collaborative, sans dirigeant.
Coordinano i loro sforzi all'interno di una comunità collaborativa, senza leader.

Paragraph segmentation, fr-->DE

Wikipédia est un projet d’encyclopédie collective en ligne, universelle, multilingue et fonctionnant sur le principe du wiki. Ce projet vise à offrir un contenu librement réutilisable, objectif et vérifiable, que chacun peut modifier et améliorer.
Wikipedia ist ein Projekt für eine kollektive, universelle, mehrsprachige Online-Enzyklopädie, die nach dem Wiki-Prinzip funktioniert. Ziel des Projekts ist es, frei wiederverwendbare, objektive und überprüfbare Inhalte anzubieten, die von jedem verändert und verbessert werden können.

Wikipédia est définie par des principes fondateurs. Son contenu est sous licence Creative Commons BY-SA. Il peut être copié et réutilisé sous la même licence, sous réserve d'en respecter les conditions. Wikipédia fournit tous ses contenus gratuitement, sans publicité, et sans recourir à l'exploitation des données personnelles de ses utilisateurs.
Wikipedia wird durch Gründungsprinzipien definiert. Ihr Inhalt steht unter der Creative-Commons-Lizenz BY-SA. Er darf unter derselben Lizenz kopiert und wiederverwendet werden, sofern die Bedingungen eingehalten werden. Wikipedia stellt alle Inhalte kostenlos, werbefrei und ohne Nutzung der persönlichen Daten ihrer Nutzer zur Verfügung.

Les rédacteurs des articles de Wikipédia sont bénévoles. Ils coordonnent leurs efforts au sein d'une communauté collaborative, sans dirigeant.
Die Autoren der Wikipedia-Artikel arbeiten ehrenamtlich. Sie koordinieren ihre Arbeit in einer gemeinschaftlichen, führungslosen Gemeinschaft.

Segmentation by character count (50), fr-->ES

Wikipédia est un projet d’encyclopédie collective
Wikipedia es un proyecto de enciclopedia colectiva

en ligne, universelle, multilingue et fonctionnant
enciclopedia multilingüe en línea basada en el

sur le principe du wiki. Ce projet vise à offrir
basado en el principio wiki. El proyecto pretende ofrecer

un contenu librement réutilisable, objectif et
contenidos libremente reutilizables, objetivos y verificables

vérifiable, que chacun peut modifier et améliorer.
contenido verificable que cualquiera puede editar y mejorar.

Wikipédia est définie par des principes
Wikipedia se define por sus

fondateurs. Son contenu est sous licence Creative
principios. Su contenido está bajo una licencia Creative

Commons BY-SA. Il peut être copié et réutilisé
Commons BY-SA. Puede copiarse y reutilizarse

sous la même licence, sous réserve d'en respecter
bajo la misma licencia, siempre que cumpla las

les conditions. Wikipédia fournit tous ses
las condiciones. Wikipedia proporciona todo su contenido

contenus gratuitement, sans publicité, et sans
contenidos gratuitos, sin publicidad

recourir à l'exploitation des données personnelles
personal de sus usuarios.

de ses utilisateurs. Les rédacteurs des articles
de sus usuarios. Los editores de Wikipedia
 Wikipédia est un projet d’encyclopédie collective
Wikipedia es un proyecto de enciclopedia colectiva

en ligne, universelle, multilingue et fonctionnant
enciclopedia multilingüe en línea basada en el

sur le principe du wiki. Ce projet vise à offrir
basado en el principio wiki. El proyecto pretende ofrecer

un contenu librement réutilisable, objectif et
contenidos libremente reutilizables, objetivos y verificables

vérifiable, que chacun peut modifier et améliorer.
contenido verificable que cualquiera puede editar y mejorar.

Wikipédia est définie par des principes
Wikipedia se define por sus

fondateurs. Son contenu est sous licence Creative
principios. Su contenido está bajo una licencia Creative

Commons BY-SA. Il peut être copié et réutilisé
Commons BY-SA. Puede copiarse y reutilizarse

sous la même licence, sous réserve d'en respecter
bajo la misma licencia, siempre que cumpla las

les conditions. Wikipédia fournit tous ses
las condiciones. Wikipedia proporciona todo su contenido

contenus gratuitement, sans publicité, et sans
contenidos gratuitos, sin publicidad

recourir à l'exploitation des données personnelles
personal de sus usuarios.

de ses utilisateurs. Les rédacteurs des articles
de sus usuarios. Los editores de Wikipedia

de Wikipédia sont bénévoles. Ils coordonnent leurs
Wikipedia son voluntarios. Coordinan sus

efforts au sein d'une communauté collaborative,
sus esfuerzos dentro de una comunidad colaborativa

sans dirigeant.
sin un líder.
de Wikipédia sont bénévoles. Ils coordonnent leurs
Wikipedia son voluntarios. Coordinan sus

efforts au sein d'une communauté collaborative,
sus esfuerzos dentro de una comunidad colaborativa

sans dirigeant.
sin un líder.

__________

* See inter-linear.com for link to DeepL Demo.  Samples generated on this date.

New kid on the block

 Try inter-linear.com. 

Enter text or upload a file, select a translation service, submit this source for translation and display to copy or download. The display, in contrast to side-by-side or parallel texts, can be segmented by sentences, paragraphs, word/phrase, or characters per line.

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en-->CS Spectrum of Consciousness Summary

 "The Spectrum of Consciousness" by Ken Wilber is a seminal work in the field of transpersonal psychology and spirituality. In this book, Wilber presents a comprehensive framework for understanding consciousness and its evolution. He introduces the concept of a spectrum of consciousness, which ranges from lower, more primitive levels to higher, more evolved states.
"The Spectrum of Consciousness" od Kena Wilbera je zásadním dílem v oblasti transpersonální psychologie a spirituality. V této knize Wilber představuje komplexní rámec pro pochopení vědomí a jeho vývoje. Zavádí koncept spektra vědomí, které sahá od nižších, primitivnějších úrovní až po vyšší, více vyvinuté stavy.

Wilber explores various states of consciousness, including those experienced in meditation, contemplation, and mystical experiences. He draws on insights from Eastern and Western philosophies, psychology, and mysticism to create a multidimensional map of consciousness.
Wilber zkoumá různé stavy vědomí, včetně těch, které zažíváme v meditaci, kontemplaci a mystických zážitcích. Při vytváření multidimenzionální mapy vědomí čerpá z poznatků z východní a západní filozofie, psychologie a mystiky.

One of the key ideas in the book is the concept of transcendence, where individuals move beyond their egoic identity to connect with a higher or more universal aspect of consciousness. Wilber discusses the importance of integrating these transcendent experiences into everyday life to achieve greater fulfillment and enlightenment.
Jednou z klíčových myšlenek knihy je koncept transcendence, kdy se jednotlivci pohybují za hranice své egoické identity, aby se spojili s vyšším nebo univerzálnějším aspektem vědomí. Wilber diskutuje o důležitosti integrace těchto transcendentních zkušeností do každodenního života pro dosažení většího naplnění a osvícení.

Overall, "The Spectrum of Consciousness" offers a profound exploration of the nature of consciousness and provides readers with a framework for understanding their own spiritual journey and personal growth.
Celkově „The Spectrum of Consciousness“ nabízí hluboký průzkum povahy vědomí a poskytuje čtenářům rámec pro pochopení jejich vlastní duchovní cesty a osobního růstu.

From ChatGPT about a year ago.
Google translating paragraphs.
 Source Characters: 1172
Translated Characters: 1028
Source Words: 166
Translated Words: 142

 

1st contact, online conversation

[Boilerplate for future online conversation
Boilerplate pro budoucí online konverzaci

partner.
partner.]

We can try online chat. Here is how it works.
Můžeme zkusit online chat. Zde je návod, jak to funguje.

You decide when you can meet online with me. Tell
Vy rozhodujete, kdy se se mnou můžete setkat online. Sdělit

me date and time. If I am available, I will tell
mě datum a čas. Pokud budu k dispozici, řeknu

you. I do not have meetings before 10 in the
Vy. Nemám schůzky před 10

morning.
ráno.

Five or ten minutes before the scheduled meeting,
Pět nebo deset minut před plánovanou schůzkou,

I will send you an email with a link.
Pošlu vám e-mail s odkazem.

You click on the link and enter the Google Meet
Kliknete na odkaz a vstoupíte do Google Meet

space. There we can see and talk with each other.
plocha. Tam se můžeme vidět a mluvit spolu.

While conversing, I make chat notes. After we say
Během konverzace si dělám poznámky do chatu. Poté, co řekneme

good-bye, I clean up the notes and send a copy
sbohem, uklidím poznámky a posílám kopii

for you to study or review.
abyste si je mohli prostudovat nebo prohlédnout.

These meetings are conversations, not classroom
Tato setkání jsou rozhovory, nikoli třída

lessons. So we talk about what you want to talk
lekce. Takže mluvíme o tom, o čem chcete mluvit

about. I ask questions. You ask questions. We
o. kladu otázky. Kladete otázky. My

tell lies. It goes like that till the end. It is
lhát. Tak to jde až do konce. To je

a 45 minute meeting. The first is always free.
schůzka na 45 minut. První je vždy zdarma.

When do you want to meet?
Kdy se chceš sejít?


==================================================
Display Order: Source first
Splitting: Character
Service: Google
Source Characters: 806
Translated Characters: 767
Source Words: 160
Translated Words: 134
Generated: 18 November 2025

en-->CS Info/inquiry

Číst v angličtině. Nápovědu najdete v češtině.

[to whom]

If you want to practice English, how do you want to do it?

Pokud si chcete procvičit angličtinu, jak to chcete udělat?

Maybe I can help you.
Možná vám mohu pomoci.

I meet conversation partners online using Google Meet.
S konverzačními partnery se setkávám online pomocí služby Google Meet.

My partners are intermediate speakers.
Moji partneři jsou středně pokročilí mluvčí.

If your level is pre-intermediate, that might be a problem.
Pokud je vaše úroveň před středně pokročilými, může to být problém.

I have one pre-intermediate partner.
Mám jednoho partnera na úrovni pre-intermediate.

She prepares for each meetings by choosing a topic for conversation.
Na každé setkání se připravuje tak, že si vybere téma ke konverzaci.

I help her sometimes when I know a word or expression in Czech.
Občas jí pomáhám, když znám nějaké slovo nebo výraz v češtině.

But we speak in English.
Ale mluvíme spolu anglicky.

I send chat notes after each meeting for my partner to review.
Po každé schůzce posílám partnerce k nahlédnutí poznámky z konverzace.

Online conversation is good for everyday English use.
Online konverzace je dobrá pro každodenní používání angličtiny.

I correspond by email with people who want to practice English by writing.
S lidmi, kteří si chtějí procvičit angličtinu psaním, si dopisuji e-mailem.

That can be  chatting back and forth.
To může být chatování tam a zpět.

It can mean you write something and I correct it and send it back.
Může to znamenat, že vy něco napíšete a já to opravím a pošlu zpět.

It can mean I write or send something to read and my pen-pal writes back writing about that.
Může to znamenat, že něco napíšu nebo pošlu k přečtení a můj pen-pal mi odepíše, že o tom píše.

Writing is the best way to learn English and advance proficiency.
Psaní je nejlepší způsob, jak se naučit anglicky a posunout se ve znalostech.

Let me know if you are interested.
Pokud máte zájem, dejte mi vědět.

There is no charge for my time.
Za můj čas se neplatí.

[from whom]

de-->FR Sportverein aus Lübeck*

[if working from FR to DE, the display order could be reversed; the formatting of the font could be colored or otherwise adjusted for contrast--see first lines as samples]

Der VfB Lübeck ist ein Sportverein aus Lübeck. Er ist
Le VfB Lübeck est un club sportif de Lübeck. Il est

vor allem durch seine Fußball-Abteilung überregional
notamment à travers son département national de football

bekannt. Die größten Erfolge feierte die
connu. Il a célébré ses plus grands succès

Fußballmannschaft der Herren mit dem Erreichen der
Équipe masculine de football avec la réalisation du

Bundesliga-Aufstiegsrunde 1968/69 und mit dem Einzug
Tour de promotion de la Bundesliga 1968/69 et avec l'entrée

ins Halbfinale des DFB-Pokals 2003/04. Der VfB Lübeck
aux demi-finales de la Coupe DFB 2003/04. VfB Lübeck

spielte zuletzt von 1995 bis 1997 sowie von 2002 bis
joué pour la dernière fois de 1995 à 1997 et de 2002 à

2004 in der 2. Bundesliga. In der Drittklassigkeit
2004 en 2e Bundesliga. En troisième classe

konnte sich die Mannschaft in der Saison 2007/08 nicht
L'équipe n'a pas pu le faire lors de la saison 2007/08.

für die neue 3. Liga qualifizieren, der VfB spielte
se qualifier pour la nouvelle 3ème ligue, que le VfB a joué

danach in der viertklassigen Regionalliga Nord, ein
puis en quatrième classe Regionalliga Nord

Jahr lang sogar nur in der fünftklassigen
Pendant un an seulement en cinquième classe

Schleswig-Holstein-Liga 2013/14. 2020 und 2023 gelang
Ligue Schleswig-Holstein 2013/14. 2020 et 2023 réussis

jeweils der Aufstieg in die 3. Liga, jedoch musste der
promotion en 3ème ligue dans chaque cas, mais il a dû

Verein beide Male wieder den Weg in die
Les deux fois, le club a retrouvé le chemin du retour

Viertklassigkeit antreten. Seine Heimspiele trägt der
concourir en quatrième division. Il porte ses matchs à domicile

VfB Lübeck im Stadion an der Lohmühle aus. Im
Le VfB Lübeck dans le stade de Lohmühle. Dans le

Badminton war der VfB Lübeck einer der Vorreiter in
Le VfB Lübeck a été l'un des pionniers du badminton

Deutschland. Er wurde 1963 Deutscher
Allemagne. Il est devenu allemand en 1963

Mannschaftsmeister und gewann seither zahlreiche
champion par équipe et a remporté de nombreux depuis lors

Titel.
Titre.

__________

* Featured article from https://de.wikipedia.org/ on this date.

==================================================
Display Order: Source first
Splitting: Character
Service: Google
Source Characters: 984
Translated Characters: 1032
Source Words: 152
Translated Words: 187
Generated: 11 November 2025

en-->ES Complaint

​I don't understand why you or the seller are negotiating the refund of money for a product that arrived broken and notice to the seller with photos  and repeated requests to resolve the problem all took place before the expiration for a refund or return.
​No entiendo por qué usted o el vendedor están negociando el reembolso de dinero por un producto que llegó roto y el aviso al vendedor con fotos y solicitudes repetidas para resolver el problema se realizó antes del vencimiento para un reembolso o devolución.

I also see that the price of the product now is not what I paid for it, and the proposed compromise is the same as that newly quoted price, not what I paid.
También veo que el precio del producto ahora no es el que pagué por él, y el compromiso propuesto es el mismo como el precio recién cotizado, no lo que pagué.

Alibaba and DW Tech have my money.
Alibaba y DW Tech tienen mi dinero.

 I have a defective, broken product.
Tengo un producto defectuoso, roto.

 You have leverage.
Tienes influencia.

 I have nothing except the plastic junk and my complaint.
No tengo nada más que los trastos de plástico y mi queja.

Aliexpress and this seller do not stand behind their products and services.
Aliexpress y este vendedor no respaldan sus productos y servicios.

 The refund/return promise is a lie.
La promesa de reembolso/devolución es mentira.

You have given three days for my decision on a compromise.
Me ha concedido tres días para que yo decida llegar a un compromiso.

 If I say no, then what?
Si digo que no, ¿entonces qué?

 You withdraw and I am left with the loss.
Tú te retiras y yo me quedo con la pérdida.

 You give me no choice.
No me das otra opción.

I accept the offer.
Acepto la oferta.

 Aliexpress and DW Tech do not stand behind their sales and refund/return promise.
Aliexpress y DW Tech no respaldan su promesa de ventas y reembolso/devolución.

 You both cannot be trusted with doing what you say you will when problems like this arise.
No se puede confiar en que ambos hagan lo que dicen que harán cuando surjan problemas como este.

 I think other small business people in my country would like to know this.
Creo que a otros pequeños empresarios de mi país les gustaría saber esto.

--- METADATA ---
Display Order:       Source First
Splitting:           Sentence
Service:             Google
Source Characters:   1098
Translated Characters: 1103
Source Words:        201
Translated Words:    197
Generated:           10 November 2025

en-->IT L'ipnosi nella finzione

 Title: L'ipnosi nella finzione
Source: see *
Display Order: T
Segmentation: Character
Service: Google
Source Characters: 1170
Translated Characters: 1299
Source Words: 173
Translated Words: 186
Generated: 09.11.25

 
L'ipnosi nella finzione
Hypnosis in fiction*

L'ipnosi è stata un tema ricorrente nella letteratura e
Hypnosis has been a recurring theme in literature and

cultura popolare fin dal XIX secolo, spesso
popular culture since the nineteenth century, often

associato al fascino, alla paura e alla fantasia. UN
associated with fascination, fear, and fantasy. A

modo comune e duraturo utilizzato dagli scrittori per spiegare il
common and enduring way for writers to explain the

tropo del controllo mentale nelle loro opere, prime rappresentazioni
trope of mind control in their works, early depictions

attingeva all'aura misteriosa del mesmerismo e
drew on the mysterious aura of mesmerism and

spiritualismo, mentre quelli successivi si espansero alla scienza
spiritualism, while later ones expanded to science

narrativa, thriller polizieschi e horror. Il vasto
fiction, crime thrillers, and horror. The vast

la maggior parte di queste raffigurazioni sono esagerate e
majority of these depictions are exaggerated, and

concentrarsi sugli stereotipi negativi di entrambi i controlli
focus on negative stereotypes of either control for

profitto criminale e omicidio o come metodo di
criminal profit and murder or as a method of

seduzione. Nel corso dei decenni, tali rappresentazioni raramente
seduction. Across decades, such portrayals rarely

riflettono la realtà clinica, enfatizzando lo spettacolo
reflect clinical reality, emphasizing spectacle over

accuratezza scientifica. L'ipnotizzatore, sia esso scienziato,
scientific accuracy. The hypnotist, whether scientist,

lo stregone, o la spia, continua a incarnare la società
sorcerer, or spy, continues to embody society's

ansie relative alla forza di volontà, alla manipolazione e al
anxieties about willpower, manipulation, and the

confini della coscienza.
boundaries of consciousness.

L'idea dell'influenza ipnotica è entrata nella narrativa occidentale
The idea of hypnotic influence entered Western fiction

(in particolare, la narrativa gotica) nel XIX
(in particular, Gothic fiction) in the nineteenth

secolo, inizialmente attraverso il fascino popolare
century, initially through the popular fascination

con il mesmerismo e le sue pretese pseudo-scientifiche,
with mesmerism and its pseudo-scientific claims,

sebbene idee simili siano state presenti nel mito e
although similar ideas have been present in myth and

letteratura per millenni (ad esempio, in quella greca
literature for millennia (for example, in the Greek

mito della voce seducente delle sirene).
mythos of the alluring voice of the sirens).

__________
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnosis_in_fiction

en-->RS The world without hegemony

Title: The world without hegemony
Source: see *
Display Order: S
Segmentation: Paragraph
Service: Google
Source Characters: 4111
Translated Characters: 4327
Source Words: 645
Translated Words: 537
Generated: 08.11.25

 The liberal international order or Pax Americana, the world order built by the United States after the Second World War, is coming to an end. Not surprisingly, this has led to fears of disorder and chaos and, even worse, impending Chinese hegemony or Pax Sinica. Importantly, this mode of thinking that envisages the necessity of a dominant or hegemonic power underwriting global stability was developed by 20th-century US scholars of international relations, and is known as the hegemonic stability theory (HST).

Либеральный международный порядок, или Pax Americana, мировой порядок, построенный Соединенными Штатами после Второй мировой войны, подходит к концу. Неудивительно, что это привело к опасениям беспорядков и хаоса и, что еще хуже, к надвигающейся китайской гегемонии или Pax Sinica. Важно отметить, что этот образ мышления, который предусматривает необходимость доминирующей или гегемонистской державы, обеспечивающей глобальную стабильность, был разработан американскими учеными-международниками 20-го века и известен как теория гегемонистской стабильности (HST).

In particular, hegemonic stability theory developed out of the work of the American economist Charles P Kindleberger. In his acclaimed book The World in Depression 1929-1939 (1973), Kindleberger argued that: ‘The world economic system was unstable unless some country stabilised it,’ and that, in 1929, ‘the British couldn’t and the United States wouldn’t.’ While Kindleberger was mainly concerned with economic order, his view was transformed by international relations scholars to associate hegemony with all sorts of things. In particular, a hegemonic power is generally expected to perform one or all of three main roles: first, as the dominant military power that ensures peace and stability; second, as the central economic actor within the global system; and third, as a cultural and ideational leader – either actively disseminating its political ideas across the system or serving as a model that others seek to emulate.

В частности, теория гегемонистской стабильности возникла на основе работ американского экономиста Чарльза П. Киндлбергера. В своей знаменитой книге «Мир в депрессии 1929-1939» (1973) Киндлбергер утверждал, что «мировая экономическая система была нестабильной, если какая-то страна не стабилизировала ее», и что в 1929 году «британцы не могли, а Соединенные Штаты не хотели». Хотя Киндлбергер был в основном озабочен экономическим порядком, его взгляды были преобразованы учеными-международниками, чтобы ассоциировать гегемонию со всеми видами вещей. В частности, обычно ожидается, что держава-гегемон будет выполнять одну или все из трех основных ролей: во-первых, как доминирующая военная держава, обеспечивающая мир и стабильность; во-вторых, как центральный экономический игрок в глобальной системе; и, в-третьих, как культурный и идейный лидер – либо активно распространяющий свои политические идеи по всей системе, либо служащий моделью, которой другие стремятся подражать.

HST extends to all aspects of Pax Americana, and US naval power is seen as a ‘public good’ provided by the hegemon that secures the world’s maritime commons. However, many thinkers now see China’s growing power, especially naval power, as a consequential challenge to the US-led liberal international order, and fear that this assault on US hegemony portends disorder. The return of the US president Donald Trump to the White House has of course accentuated these liberal fears, especially in the US but also among America’s allies, particularly its Western partners.

HST распространяется на все аспекты Pax Americana, а военно-морская мощь США рассматривается как «общественное благо», обеспечиваемое гегемоном, обеспечивающим мировое морское достояние. Однако многие мыслители теперь рассматривают растущую мощь Китая, особенно военно-морскую мощь, как последовательный вызов либеральному международному порядку, возглавляемому США, и опасаются, что это нападение на гегемонию США предвещает хаос. Возвращение президента США Дональда Трампа в Белый дом, конечно, усилило эти либеральные опасения, особенно в США, но также и среди союзников Америки, особенно ее западных партнеров.

The premise of HST, crafted by Americans at the height of the American century, however, is wrong. History shows us that there are other pathways to international order, and that stability does not require hegemony. Maritime Asia’s long history indicates that, contrary to this American theory about international orders, a hegemon is not required for a functioning world order.
Однако предпосылка HST, разработанная американцами в разгар американского столетия, неверна. История показывает нам, что есть и другие пути к международному порядку и что стабильность не требует гегемонии. Долгая история морской Азии показывает, что, вопреки американской теории международного порядка, для функционирования мирового порядка не требуется гегемон.

Since international relations theory emerged in the modern world with the rise of European power, it has tended to naturalise and universalise Western historical experiences. Western international relations scholars like to look towards classical Rome as the paradigmatic case of a hegemonic navy. The Roman navy had underwritten the stability of a maritime trading system, the Mediterranean. Anglo-American elites were educated to see the Pax Britannica in the 19th century and the Pax Americana after the mid-20th century as based on, and the rightful successors to, the Pax Romana in the classical Mediterranean.

С тех пор как теория международных отношений возникла в современном мире с ростом европейской мощи, она имела тенденцию натурализировать и универсализировать западный исторический опыт. Западные исследователи международных отношений предпочитают рассматривать классический Рим как образцовый пример гегемонистского флота. Римский флот обеспечил стабильность морской торговой системы Средиземноморья. Англо-американские элиты были воспитаны так, чтобы рассматривать Pax Britannica в 19 веке и Pax Americana после середины 20 века как основанные и законные преемники Pax Romana в классическом Средиземноморье.

But there is no law requiring we use the history of the classical Mediterranean under Roman hegemony as the model for understanding the history or theory of international relations. We recently wrote a book showing how the classical eastern Indian Ocean from around the 1st to the 15th centuries CE, corresponding with modern Southeast Asia, constitutes a coherent world order with appealing features.

Но не существует закона, требующего, чтобы мы использовали историю классического Средиземноморья под римской гегемонией в качестве модели для понимания истории или теории международных отношений. Недавно мы написали книгу, показывающую, как классическая восточная часть Индийского океана примерно с I по XV века нашей эры, соответствующая современной Юго-Восточной Азии, представляет собой последовательный мировой порядок с привлекательными чертами.

Of course, because this Asian world order existed before the arrival of the European imperial powers, international relations scholars are only now beginning to appreciate how it provided long-term stability in the absence of hegemonic power, and in particular how it emerged from the crucial role of the regional powers (or non-hegemonic powers) in that system. We think that it provides a powerful model for the world order emerging now, after US hegemony. It’s what we call a multiplex order, with the classical eastern Indian Ocean providing the paradigmatic case. It gave maritime Asia a durable, stable pattern of interactions among a group of states without a hegemon or world power dictating terms.

Конечно, поскольку этот азиатский мировой порядок существовал до прихода европейских имперских держав, ученые-международники только сейчас начинают понимать, как он обеспечивал долгосрочную стабильность в отсутствие гегемонистской державы и, в частности, как он возник из решающей роли региональных держав (или негегемонистских держав) в этой системе. Мы считаем, что это представляет собой мощную модель мирового порядка, складывающегося сейчас, после гегемонии США. Это то, что мы называем мультиплексным порядком, и классическая восточная часть Индийского океана представляет собой парадигматический случай. Это дало морской Азии прочную и стабильную модель взаимодействия между группой государств без гегемона или мировой державы, диктующей условия. 

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* https://aeon.co/essays/what-southeast-asian-history-tells-us-about-a-multipolar-order

EN-->??? One of the tiniest languages*

What I found in one of the tiniest languages*

by Hannah H Kim
Published 3 November 2025

Imagine trying to describe everything you see, think or feel with only 120-140 words. That’s the challenge posed by Toki Pona, a constructed language developed by Sonja Lang in an effort to simplify her thoughts while struggling with depression.

At first, my appreciation for the language was due to its impossibly cute script:

But once I really thought about its tiny lexicon, I wondered about metaphor. Every word is expected to stretch: lete means ‘cold’, ‘raw’ or ‘to cool down’. Kili is ‘fruit’, ‘vegetable’ or ‘mushroom’. The question is what happens to the literal-figurative distinction with such underspecification?

Consider two metaphors, drawn from the poets Emily Dickinson and W S Merwin:

1. Hope is the thing with feathers.
2. Everything I do is stitched with your absence.

Now rendered in Toki Pona (translated by my spouse):

1. Wile li ijo pi selo waso – literally: ‘Desire is a thing with bird skin.’
Wile covers want, need, desire, longing, and will. Bird skin is more descriptive than metaphorical.
2. Weka sina li kama lon insa pi pali ale mi – literally: ‘Your absence enters into all my actions.’
Spatialisation echoes the joining effect of stitching, but the translation lessens the metaphorical feel.

In English, metaphor stands out against a background of literalness, a departure from a more ‘default’ use of language. In Toki Pona, the literal-figurative distinction forms a spectrum, since words are always stretched to specify meaning. That shifts the burden of sense-making from writer to reader. In English, metaphor is a writer’s flourish. In Toki Pona, resolving tension falls heavily on the reader.

I used to think alongside Ludwig Wittgenstein that the limit of my language is the limit of my thought. But Toki Pona makes me rethink that. Minimalism in language doesn’t reflect a minimalist world. Meaning-making is inevitable, and constraint simply shifts where the complexity lies.

__________

* https://psyche.co/notes-to-self/what-i-found-when-i-played-with-a-tiny-invented-language

en-->ES mi montaña privada

My Red Hills (1938) by Georgia O’Keeffe.
Private collection. Photo © Georgia O’Keeffe Museum,
Santa Fe/Art Resource/Scala, Florence

Title: en-->ES mi montaña privada
Source: see *
Display Order: T
Segmentation: Character
Service: Google
Source Characters: 3772
Translated Characters: 4140
Source Words: 667
Translated Words: 711
Generated: 02.11.25

mi montaña privada

By Alanna Offield
Edited byMarina Benjamin

mi montaña privada
A través de sus pinturas, Georgia O'Keefe
My private mountain
Through her paintings, Georgia O’Keefe

reclamó el paisaje desértico de Nuevo México. Pero fue
laid claim to New Mexico’s desert landscape. But it was

nunca de ella para tomar
never hers for the taking

Entrevistada en un documental de 1977 sobre su vida y obra.
Interviewed in a 1977 documentary about her life and work

Como pintora, Georgia O'Keeffe, que entonces tenía 90 años, habló de ella.
as a painter, Georgia O’Keeffe, then 90, spoke of her

hambre por el desierto. 'Cuando llegué a Nuevo México, eso fue
hunger for the desert. ‘When I got to New Mexico, that was

mío. Tan pronto como lo vi, ese era mi país. yo nunca
mine. As soon as I saw it, that was my country. I’d never

Había visto algo parecido antes, pero me encajaba exactamente.
seen anything like it before, but it fitted to me exactly.

Es algo que está en el aire, simplemente es diferente. El
It’s something that’s in the air, it’s just different. The

El cielo es diferente, las estrellas son diferentes, el viento es diferente.
sky is different, the stars are different, the wind is

diferente.’ Ese paisaje fue su amor perdurable y su
different.’ That landscape was her enduring love and her

legado, pintado una y otra vez en tonos vibrantes, bajo
legacy, painted over and over in vibrant hues, under

nubes veloces y cielos azul pálido.
scudding clouds and pale blue skies.

En 1929, cuando O'Keeffe comenzó a visitar Nuevo México, inicialmente
By 1929, when O’Keeffe began visiting New Mexico, initially

a instancias de Mabel Dodge Luhan, la mecenas de las artes que
at the behest of Mabel Dodge Luhan, the arts patron who

famosamente presentó a D H Lawrence, ella ya era una exitosa
famously hosted D H Lawrence, she was already a successful

e influyente artista, conocida por su trabajo abstracto. Ella
and influential artist, known for her abstract work. She

Estaba casada con Alfred Stieglitz, el fotógrafo y
was married to Alfred Stieglitz, the photographer and

galerista que expuso por primera vez sus pinturas y que se convirtió
gallerist who first exhibited her paintings, and who became

controlando cada vez más su carrera a medida que su reputación
increasingly controlling of her career as her reputation

creció. Y estaba cansada del arte dominado por los hombres de Nueva York.
grew. And she was tired of New York’s male-dominated art

mundo, donde los críticos a menudo sexualizaron tanto a ella como a su
world, where critics often sexualised both her and her

trabajar. En su casa en Taos, Luhan le ofreció a O'Keeffe una mayor
work. At her home in Taos, Luhan offered O’Keeffe greater

Independencia en la vida y el arte. O'Keeffe pronto comenzó a dividirse
independence in life and art. O’Keeffe soon began dividing

su tiempo entre Nuevo México y Nueva York. Luego, en 1949,
her time between New Mexico and New York. Then, in 1949,

Después de la muerte de Stieglitz, hizo de Nuevo México su residencia permanente.
after Stieglitz’s death, she made New Mexico her permanent

casa, permaneciendo allí hasta su muerte en 1986. Ella decidió
home, staying there until her death in 1986. She chose to

esparcir sus cenizas en el Cerro Pedernal, que fue
have her ashes scattered on Cerro Pedernal, which was

visible desde su casa y al que ella se refería como "mi
visible from her home and which she referred to as ‘my

montaña privada”. Ella dijo: 'Dios me dijo si lo pinté
private mountain’. She said: ‘God told me if I painted it

suficiente, podría tenerlo.
enough, I could have it.’

Algunas personas todavía se refieren a Pedernal como 'O'Keeffe's
Some people still refer to Pedernal as ‘O’Keeffe’s

Montaña’ y la tierra que rodea su hogar en Abiquiú como
Mountain’ and the land surrounding her Abiquiú home as

"País O'Keeffe". No. Pero algunas personas sí.
‘O’Keeffe Country’. I don’t. But some people do.

Yo llamaría al Cerro Pedernal por su nombre Tewa, Tsip’in. Soy
I would call Cerro Pedernal by its Tewa name, Tsip’in. I’m

Puebloan, y Tewa es el idioma de mi pueblo, que tiene
Puebloan, and Tewa is the language of my people, who have

Vivimos y cuidamos nuestra tierra ancestral del norte.
lived in and cared for our ancestral homeland of northern

Nuevo México desde mucho antes de que O'Keeffe lo visitara. crecí en
New Mexico since long before O’Keeffe visited. I grew up in

P’o-suwae-geh Owingeh (Pojoaque), no lejos de la antigua
P’o-suwae-geh Owingeh (Pojoaque), not far from the ancient

Pueblo Tewa Avéshu (Abiquiú), donde vivió O’Keeffe durante
Tewa village Avéshu (Abiquiú), where O’Keeffe lived for

más de 30 años. Mi relación con el paisaje es
more than 30 years. My relationship with the landscape is

arraigado en una conexión histórica y espiritual. es el
rooted in a historical and spiritual connection. It is the

telón de fondo de mis recuerdos más importantes y contiene el
backdrop to my most important memories, and holds the

Historias de mis antepasados. Mi relación con O'Keeffe es
stories of my ancestors. My relationship with O’Keeffe is

más ambivalente.
more ambivalent.

El Nuevo México en el que crecí estaba plagado de culturas multiculturales.
The New Mexico I grew up in was steeped in multicultural

historia – Fiestas y cerdo asado en matanzas, Sonic
history – Feast Days and roasted pig at matanzas, Sonic

Autocine después de clases, lowriders en Riverside Drive. Nosotros
Drive-In after school, lowriders on Riverside Drive. We

No tenía mucho dinero, pero había amor y creatividad.
didn’t have much money, but there was love and creativity

en todos lados. Pasé los veranos en las colinas de Jacona, cuando era adolescente.
everywhere. I spent summers in the Jacona hills, teenage

años pidiendo viajes al centro comercial de Santa Fe, pasando el rato en
years begging trips to the Santa Fe mall, hanging out in

Estacionamientos de Walmart y escuchar a mi papá tararear Al
Walmart parking lots, and listening to my dad hum Al

Huracán mientras arreglaba el coche familiar por centésimo
Hurricane while fixing the family car for the hundredth

tiempo. Fueron las tradiciones pueblo tejidas con las décadas de 1990 y 2000.
time. It was Puebloan traditions woven with 1990s and 2000s

América – ceremonia y MTV el mismo día. Un mundo pequeño,
America – ceremony and MTV on the same day. A small world,

pero mágico entonces y ahora.
but magical then and now.

Mi Nuevo México está lleno de gente. Lleno de historia. lleva
My New Mexico is full of people. Full of history. It bears

Poco parecido con los espacios vacíos representados en
little resemblance to the empty spaces depicted in

Las pinturas de O'Keeffe.
O’Keeffe’s paintings.

Al igual que O'Keeffe, siento que Nuevo México es excepcionalmente hermoso. En
Like O’Keeffe, I feel New Mexico is uniquely beautiful. In

sus pinturas, en la forma en que hablaba de este lugar, me
her paintings, in the way she spoke about this place, I

reconocer un amor compartido por el paisaje; sin embargo, el nuevo
recognise a shared love of the landscape; yet the New

El México que conozco se siente a mundos de distancia del que tiene.
Mexico I know feels worlds away from the one that has

volverse tan reconocible a través de su arte. como alguien
become so recognisable through her art. As someone

Indígena del norte de Nuevo México, cuando miro
Indigenous to northern New Mexico, when I look at

Las pinturas de O'Keeffe, solo puedo ver qué y quién tiene
O’Keeffe’s paintings, I can only see what and who she has

quedó fuera de la imagen.
left out of the picture.

__________

* https://aeon.co/essays/some-people-refer-to-new-mexico-as-okeeffe-country-i-dont